Bioprocess development for the biological removal of iron from subsurface drinking water in Uttarakhand

Abstract

Uttarakhand is a state in India's northern Himalayas that is blessed with magnificent natural splendour and abundant mountain springs. Even so, during the summer, there is a severe lack of potable water in clusters of hilly villages, there is a severe water shortage, particularly in the summer and in years with less rainfall. In Uttarakhand, the springs serve as the natural source of domestic water. The ionic chemistry of surface and groundwater can vary significantly due to several factors, the most significant of which are urbanization, industrialization, and agricultural development. The strategy for the development and management of water resources as part of the water resources development programme includes an evaluation of the impact that industrialization and urbanization have had on water resources. As a result, in the Haridwar district of Uttarakhand, comprehensive research on the sub-surface and groundwater quality has been carried out to evaluate the water's quality and determine whether or not it is suitable for drinking, residential, or agricultural use.